Library>Travel in China>Protected Sites>Class Ⅱ>Sites

Shangjing Huiningfu Site of Jin Dynasty

The Shangjing Huiningfu Site of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) is located 2 kilometers south of the Echeng County in Heilongjiang Province.

The site, close to Baicheng City on the left bank of the Eshi River, was the early capital of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). During the period from 1115 to 1153, Huijingfu remained the capital of the Jin through the reigns of Emperor Taizu, Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xizong, and Emperor Hailing,
lasting 38 years. It was also the seat of Shangjing and Huiningfu. The emperor added the title of Shangjing to its name in the first year (1138) of the Tianjuan reign.

Huijingfu City consists of a south city, a north city and an imperial palace. With a perimeter of about 11 kilometers, the city had defense facilities such as watchtower, turrets and city moat. After 700 to 800 years, the remains of city walls are 3-4 meters high. To the east of the city was a
small city built in the Jin Dynasty. Legend has it that Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) were imprisoned in this small city after they were defeated in the Jingkang War against the Jin Dynasty. The imperial palace was built in the 2ndyear (1124) of the Tianhui
reign to the west of the south city, imitating the style of Bianjing City, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127).

Well-preserved relic sites include walls of the south and north cities, and the 5 constructions in the imperial palace. Shatters of yellow and green glazed tiles scatter in the site. Iron-smelting workshops have been found in the north city, together with relics including iron armors, copper
mirrors, stone mortars and pottery wares. Workshops, markets and residences should have been built in this area.

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Library>China ABC>Religion>Christianism in China

Non-Christian Movement

Since the 1920s, due to the influence of the May Fourth Movement and constant aggression and oppression from the western imperialist powers, Chinese nationalist movement quickly gained popularity. In such a situation, Christianity, as part of the western culture, was naturally regarded as one of
the instruments of western powers. As a result, a non-Christian movement started, which, to a great extent, awakened Chinese churches and Christians.

Sources in 1922 said thatthe World’s Students Christian Federation would hold a conference in Beijing. Students in Shanghai decided to set up a federation of non-Christian students as a reaction to the news. This started the biggest non-religious wave since the May Fourth Movement in China. Soon
after, students in Beijing also announced to set up the Non-Religious Grand Federation and were supported by students throughout China. In 1924, students in Shanghai set up the Non-Christian Grand Federation, and advocated to oppose Christianity and anything sponsored by Christianity.

During the Northern Expedition (1926-1927), Christian churches in China were impacted and some missionaries withdrew from China. There were also riots and dropouts in missionary schools. However, after the war, people realized that Christianity was different from imperialism in natureand the
non-Christian movement came to an end. This movement, on the one hand, reflected the development of Chinese patriotic national movement, and on the other hand, pushed forward the nationalization of Chinese Christian churches.

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Library>China ABC>Religion>Taoist Holy Lands

Kuixing Tower in Chengde

Located in the Chengde City of Hebei Province, the Kuixing Tower is one of the famous Taoist buildings in North China. It was first built in 1828 by Hai Zhong, a magistrate in Chengde, to pray for the cultural prosperity of the place he managed. Kuixing (God of Literature) of Taoism was enshrined
at here, so it was called as the Kuixing Tower. In the view of Chinese people, Kuixing can bless students to pass the imperial examinations. So there were buildings of this kind in many places before the 20thcentury.

The Kuixing Tower in Chengde is the biggest Taoist temple enshrining Kuixing in China at present, and it becomes the largest and the only Taoist temple, and the venue for Taoist activities. Large rituals and temple fairs are held here regularly, and people in the surrounding areas come here to
worship the god one after another on such occasions.

The existing Chengde Kuixing Tower covers 66,000 more square meters. The main buildings are built according to the mountain’s hypsography. From above to below, the buildings include towers, corridors, halls, pavilions and gardens, showing the distinctive style of Taoist architectures. The
magnificent principal building is on the mountaintop, and Kuixing is enshrined in it. A lot of ancient stone inscriptions, woodcarvings and landscape paintings can be found on the corridor at the mountainside. Many Taoist immortals are enshrined in the Rongshi Hall and the Lezhen Hall below the
corridor. The downmost building is the Gate Hall, which features a serial of frescos, such as the frescoZhang Celestial Master, the God who Protects Taoist Doctrine.

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Library>China ABC>People>Ethnic Groups

Jingpo Ethnic Minority

With a population of about 119,209 people (as of 1990), the Jingpo ethnic minority shares land with the De’ang, Lisu, Achang and Han people. The Jingpo people are concentrated in the Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province in southeastern China. Some of the Jingpo people also
live in the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture.

The Jingpo people have their own language which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman Austronesian of the Chinese-Tibetan Phylum. Until 80 years ago, when an alphabetic system of writing based on Latin letters was introduced, the Jingpos kept records by notching wood or tying knots and calculation was done
by counting beans; however, the new system of writing was not widely used. In 1957, with the help of the government, the Jingpo people started to use their improved Latin alphabetic system.

Historical records indicate that the ancestor of the Jingpo ethnic minority has a close relationship with the Qiang and Dai people. They used to live in the southern mountain area of the Kang-Tibetan Plateau. Later, they gradually migrated to the northwestern Yunnan Province, west of the Nujiang
River. During the Ming and Qing periods in the 15th to 16th century, aiming to avoid the warfare, they continue to move west and finally settled down in the Dehong area, living together with the De’ang, Achang, Lisu, Han and other nationalities. With the founding of the PRC in 1949, following
consultation with the ethnic minority, it was decided to agree upon the official name of Jingpo ethnic minority.

Agriculture is the way of life for the Jingpo people, with rice and corn being the primary crops. Rice is the staple food, although maize is more important in some places. Jingpos also gather wild herbs and fruit as supplementary food.

Jingpo people are simple, bright zealous and brave. Jingpo men going out to hunt invariably wear long knives on their waist or take rifles with them. All carry elaborately-embroidered bags containing items such as areca and tobacco.

The Jingpos are also hospitable. Whenever a visitor comes, the master will present wine bottle and cigarette case to the visitor, saying please do us a favor. A guest should have everything and toast too.

The Jingpo people practice polytheism. Influenced by their primitive religion, the Jingpos are Animists, believing that everything in the nature has souls such as the sun, the moon, birds, beasts, fishes and all other living creatures. They also worship their ancestors, who they believe bring
safety and prosperity to their offspring. Furthermore, some foreign religions, such as Christianity, are also practiced by a small number of the Jingpos.

The most ceremonious festival of the Jingpo people is the Munao Festival. Muano is a large gathering intended to celebrate good harvests, to drive out evil spirits and to pray for happiness and success in cultivation and healthy crops to harvest. Munao means “minority singing and dancing” in the
Jingpo language. The festival normally comes on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month and lasts two or three days.

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Library>China ABC>Economy>Tourism & Transportation

Ports

The construction of China’s coastal ports focuses on transportation systems for coal, containers, iron ore imports, grain, RORO operations between mainland and islands, and deep-water access to the sea – in particular, strengthening container transport systems. The government concentrated on the
construction of a group of deep-water container wharves at Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Ningbo, Xiamen and Shenzhen, and thus laid the foundation for China’s container hubs. The coal transportation system has been further strengthened with the construction of a number of coal loading and
unloading wharves. In addition, wharves handling crude oil and iron ore imports have been reconstructed and expanded. By the end of 2005, China’s coastal ports have had over 2,500 berths of medium size or above, of which 1,030 were 10,000-ton-class berths; their handling capacity was 75 million
standard containers a year, ranking first in the world for the third year running.

China has ten ports whose freight volumes exceed 100 million tons a year. The ports of Shanghai, Shenzhen, Qingdao, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Dalian are listed among the world’s top 50 container ports. Shanghai Port was the largest port in the world, as its freight volume in 2005
reached 443 million tons, exceeding Singapore Port for the first time.

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Library>China ABC>Government>Leaders

Xiao Yang

President of Supreme People’s Court

Born in August 1938, native of Heyuan in Guangdong Province; joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in May 1966; graduated from the Department of Law of the People’s University of China; chief justice.

Studied in the Department of Law in the People’s University of China in 1957-62; teacher of the Political Science and Law School in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in January-August 1962.

Staff member of Qujiang County Public Security Department, Guangdong Province, in 1962-69; staff member of the publicity department of the CPC Qujiang County Committee, staff member and deputy director of the office of the CPC Qujiang County Committee in 1969-75; secretary of the CPC Longgui
Commune Committee of Qujiang County, a member of the Standing Committee and concurrently director of the office of the CPC Qujiang County Committee in 1975-81; secretary of the CPC Wujiang District Committee, Shaoguan City, and deputy secretary of the CPC Qingyuan Prefecture Committee 1981-83.

Deputy procurator-general of the Guangdong Provincial People’s Procuratorate and deputy secretary of its Leading Party Members’ Group in 1983-86; procurator-general of the Guangdong Provincial People’s Procuratorate and secretary of its Leading Party Members’ Group in 1986-90.

Deputy procurator-general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, member of its Leading Party Members’ Group and Procuratorial Committee in 1990-92; deputy procurator-general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, deputy secretary of its Leading Party Members’ Group and member of its Procuratorial
Committee in 1992-93; minister of justice and secretary of the ministry’s Leading Party Members’ Group in 1993-98.

President of the Supreme People’s Court, secretary of its Leading Party Members’ Group and a member of the Justice Committee since 1998.

Re-elected president of the Supreme People’s Court in March 2003.

Member of the 15th, 16th CPC Central Committee.

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Library>Culture ABC>Archeology

Xingyang Guandimiao site of Henan

Excavated by:：Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Henan

Excavation team leader:：Li Suting

Guandimiao site is located to the southwest of Guandimiao Village in Yulong Town, Xingyang City (Henan). The extant area of the site measures 10,000 square meters. When preparing for the middle-route construction for the project of the Nan Shui Bei Diao (Diverting Water from the South to the
North), Henan Provincial Institute of Archaeology conducted large-scale excavation at the site, lasting from July, 2006 through December, 2007 and exposing an area measuring 18,000 square meters.

The site displays a wealth of cultural remains, including those from the late Yangshao Culture, late Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Han, Tang, Song, and Qing and with particularly rich material remains from the Shang dynasty. More than 1620 pits, 230 tombs, 12 ditches, 20 house foundations, 26
wells, 22 kilns, 3 hearths, and 17 sacrificial pits have been excavated, wherein close to a thousand objects have been unearthed. The objects are made of bronze, pottery, stone, animal bones, and horns.

Guandimiao is the first settlement site from the late Shang to have been excavated on such a scale and that displays such a clear layout in mapping the residential area, the graves, and the sacrificial area. Discovery of this relatively well-preserved site is significant in Shang archaeology. It
provides information on large-scale late Shang settlements regarding the function and form of such settlements. It will, furthermore, contribute to our understanding of the social structure and social formation during the late Shang. The extensive archaeological samples related to geography,
topology, animals, plants, human bones, stone tools, together with varied sorts of soil samples that were collected during the excavation will also constitute the foundational materials for future studies such as settlement archaeology, ancient environment, ancient agriculture, and human behaviors.

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Library>Culture ABC>Sports

23rd Olympic Games: Los Angeles 1984

Date: 28 July – 12 August 1984

NOCs (Nations): 140

Athletes: 6,829 (1,566 women, 5,263 men)

Sports: 23

Events: 221

Volunteers: 28,742

Media: 9,190 (4,327 written press, 4,863 broadcasters)

Although a revenge boycott led by the Soviet Union depleted the field in certain sports, a record 140 nations took part. Joan Benoit won the inaugural women’s marathon and Connie Carpenter-Phinney the first women’s cycling road race. Carl Lewis won both sprints and the long jump and earned a
fourth gold in the 4x100m relay. Pertti Karpinnen won single sculls rowing for the third time. Sebastian Coe became the first repeat winner of the men’s 1,500m. Archer Neroli Fairhall was the first paraplegic athlete to take part in a medal event. She competed in a wheelchair.

With the restoration of Chinese Olympic Committee’s lawful seat in the IOC and of the Chinese Sports Delegation’s right to participate in the Olympics, Chinese athletes were sent to Los Angeles in 1984 for the 23rd Olympic Games. It was here that, back in 1932, China had been represented on such a
meeting for the first time in history — by a single athlete, who ran out of contention and had to return home midway. Now, after a lapse of half a century, a whole delegation was dispatched to this American city in the name of the Chinese People’s Republic.

The LA Olympic Games were held on an unprecedented scale, with the participation of 7,616 athletes (including 1,719 women) from 140 countries and areas. Among the high-level competitors were former Olympic champions and world record holders. The Chinese sports delegation consisted of 250 athletes,
none of whom had taken part in Olympics before. As China’s first full participation in Olympic Summer Games and the first important step taken by China in the sports world, the delegation aroused worldwide attention and was commented to “have brought fresh air to the Olympics.” Furthermore, in
sharp contrast to the old days, the first gold medal of the LA Olympics was won by a Chinese athlete named Xu Haifeng in the men’s free pistol event, with the prize awarded him by IOC President Samaranch himself. As the first Olympic gold ever collected by a Chinese in the Olympic history, it was
called “a break through zero” — an event that brought great joy to the whole Chinese nation. It was followed by more gold medals won by Chinese athletes, including three by gymnast Li Ning, one by the women’s volleyball team and one by fencer Luan Jujie, known as “Asia’s first Fleurette.” All in
all, China earned 15 gold, eight silver and nine bronze medals and placed fourth in medal standing, as a testimony to its athletic ability.

(COC Sources)

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Library>China ABC>Government>Parties and Election

The Election System

3. Deputies from the armed forces

The number of deputies of the armed forces in the people’s congresses of where they are stationed is decided by the standing committees of the specific provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities and counties where the army is stationed.

The number of deputies of the armed forces to the National People’s Congress is decided by the Standing Committee of the NPC and allocated by the supreme election committee of the armed forces.

4. Deputies in special administrative regions and among Taiwan compatriots

The allocation of the number of deputies to the NPC from special administrative regions and among Taiwan compatriots is decided by the Standing Committee of the NPC.

IV. Direct election

Direct election means voters directly elect deputies to the people’s congresses by casting their votes.

Direct elections are applicable to the election of deputies to the people’s congresses of the counties, districts, townships and towns.

1. Division of constituencies

(1) Constituency and voter’s group

A constituency is often divided into several voter’s groups.

(2) Size and type of constituencies

1) The size of constituencies

The size of constituencies is decided according to the principle that a constituency may have one to three deputies.

The population an urban deputy represents shall be more or less the same as those in different constituencies in urban areas. The population a rural deputy represents shall be more or less the same as those in different constituencies in rural areas.

2) Types of constituencies

Urban constituencies may be divided according to residential quarters or according to production units, institutions or work units.

In urban areas, voters of a production (or working) unit or an institution may vote in the constituencies where they work.

During rural election of the county people’s congress, normally several villages constitute a constituency. Villages of exceptionally large populations or townships of exceptionally small populations may stand as a constituency on their own.

During the election of deputies to the people’s congresses of townships and towns, several villager groups may form a constituency. Villagers groups with exceptionally large populations or villages with exceptionally small populations may stand as a constituency on their own.

2. The election process

(1) Naming the candidates

Candidates for deputies to the people’s congresses of the county and township levels are nominated according to constituencies.

Candidates may be nominated jointly or independently by political parties, mass organizations or more than ten voters, but the number of candidates a voter nominates shall not exceed the number of deputies in the corresponding areas.

(2) Casting the ballot

Ballot casting is presided over by the election committee.

Voting stations are established and mobile voting boxes are furnished in the constituencies. Election meetings may be called to cast the vote.

Voters obtain ballots by presenting their ID cards or voter’s cards.

Before ballot casting, staff presiding over the election shall tally and declare the number of voters, examine the ballot box in front of voters and organize voters to choose those to supervise ballot casting and help tally the votes.

The election is valid when more than half of the voters in a constituency have cast their votes. The election has to be held another time if less than this figure has cast votes.

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jerwen -

Hi guys,

Love the software. Until my flashcards got hijacked. when i try to open zdt now i get the error
message that my user.script is missing or corrupt. I don’t have any idea why. I have attached a
screenshot of the error messages and my user.script file in case anybody wants to look at it.
well, i can’t attach the screenshot cause it’s too big and it won’t let me attach the
user.script…so, anyway…

I am using windows vista (shudder) and the only other thing i can think of was i had to remove my
default language (canadian english, leaving me with us english and chinese) from my language
options because my neice managed to change the keyboard layout. i only mention that because when i
try to open zdt now it freezes with the zdt name screen and if i click on it, by language bar
flashes, but i can’t do anything until i open the task manager and close zdt (no other way to
close it) and then i see the error messages.

if anybody has database saving advice it would be welcome.

Thanks a lot.

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jbradfor -

I uploaded (what I think is) the original user.script file from 0.7.0. Rename your old one, and
copy this to user.script, and confirm you can at least start zdt.

Assuming it will start, you can look at the two files and see if anything seems wrong with your
version.

[BTW, if you want to upload your user.script file, just rename it to give it an "approved"
extension, such as .txt.]

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